CSI Miocene: The Marks of Hyena Violence

Adcrocuta

Today, there are four species in the hyena family, one of which arguably isn't a hyena. However, not only does the family have a long history but, for most of that history, there were many more species than there are now. One estimate indicated that as many as 60 fossil species had been named as of 2008. We can be fairly confident that some - perhaps most - of those will eventually turn out to be the same species named twice, but there are also others that have been named since.

There is considerable variety among those species, as we might expect given over 20 million years of evolution. There are, for instance, at least three subfamilies, only one of which contains the three species we would consider "true" hyenas today. Even that subfamily includes animals that can be considered to have three basic lifestyles: bone-crackers, "running" hyenas, and those considered to be transitional.

All the World's Antelopes: Duikers of Bush and Forest

Common duiker

While the term "antelope" probably conjures up the image of something like a gazelle or a blackbuck, a great many species are much smaller than these animals. Often collectively referred to as "dwarf antelopes", they are scattered across the wider antelope family tree, belonging to several different groups. Being small and relatively inconspicuous helps when you're a herbivore, even if it isn't the only route to survival.

In terms of number of species, the duikers, technically referred to as the subfamily Cephalophinae, are one of the more successful groups of such small antelopes. The exact number of duiker species has fluctuated widely over the years, with some estimates reaching as high as 25. The latest version of the Mammal Diversity Database, however, lists 21, so that is what I am going with.

The Family Lives of Elephants

In 1961, Irven Buss published a scientific paper in which he proposed that the fundamental social unit among African elephants could best be described as a family group. While this put the subject on a firm scientific footing for the first time, he was hardly the first person to have noticed. Even white Europeans had at least mentioned the idea going back to the 19th century, particularly with regard to the Asian elephants living in the British Raj. 

Not to mention that the locals had surely noticed, and just not written scientific papers about it.

800th Synapsida

Some primates, to make up for a scarcity of posts...

This will be the 800th post to be posted in this blog. That means it is once again time for me to take a break from doing anything original and take a look back at the last couple of years or so. There have been some changes in how I've been doing things since the last of these updates, but they're relatively minor, and posting has generally been pretty regular.

The most common topic in the last 100 posts has been animal behaviour, which has overtaken the usual frontrunner of evolution. It's a broad topic, of course, and the exact ranking will come down to the variability of how I happen to label posts, but it shows that it's not all taxonomy and anatomical adaptations here. In particular, there have been several posts about sociability of late, partly due to the discussions of how different dolphin species associate into pods. There have also, as usual, been several posts on diet and habitat, both topics that inevitably come up a lot when I discuss particular living animals, or even the way that they have changed over millions of years. 

Eocene (Pt 6): Gophers, Camels, and Lady Gaga

Leptomeryx

World climate fluctuated during the Eocene epoch, but it was consistently warmer than it is today, including the lengthy Climatic Optimum, the hottest the world has been since the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. This naturally affected not just the weather, but where different types of vegetation were found. Much of North America was covered with subtropical forests, with at least some palm trees reaching as far north as Alaska, and temperate woodlands on the northern Canadian islands.

The animals you would have encountered in these woods would also have been unfamiliar, with most of the mammals not fitting within any family we would recognise today. Nonetheless, there were some exceptions.

All the World's Antelopes: Waterbuck and marsh-dwellers

Kob

One of the features of the reduncinine subfamily of antelopes, as opposed to most of the other groupings, is that they require ready access to standing water. Many of them, such as the reedbucks, are grassland animals, avoiding the driest areas, but otherwise living in plains and mountains, only retreating to riverbanks and marshes during the dry season. Others may, if anything, be even more tied to the water.

The kob (Kobus kob) lives across the savannah belt south of the Sahara, from Senegal to Uganda. It is said to never be seen more than 10 km (6 miles) from standing water, and usually much less. The unusually blunt scientific name comes from two different authors, with Charles Hamilton Smith having added the first half in 1840, after the animal had been originally described (as Antilope kob) by Erxleben much earlier, in 1777.

Dishonest Bears

Mammals use a variety of means to communicate with one another: vocal, scent, and visual. Even those that are mostly solitary need to do this from time to time, whether to mark out their territories as a warning to others or to attract mates. 

Often these signals need to convey more than the basic message, but also provide some information about the animal that left them. This often includes physical fitness, whether to intimidate potential intruders or to advertise oneself as a sexual partner. At close range, this can be achieved through such things as growing huge antlers, proving that you have the physical capacity to waste resources on something that's otherwise pointless. But, at longer range, a simple indicator of size may be all that's required.